turkish persian cultureFebruary 2023
Iranian culture is one of the oldest in the whole world and has influenced cultures like Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Russia, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Asia. They patronized Persian culture in the manner of their predecessors. Her first collection of poems was published in 1935 and she received 3rd degree Medal of Art and Culture in 1936. Nezami is considered the greatest romantic epic poet in Persian literature. He is regarded as one of the greatest spiritual masters and poetical intellects. The bureaucracies were staffed by graduates of the madrasas, so both the ulama and the bureaucracies were under the influence of esteemed professors at the madrasas. [citation needed], The Kara-Khanid Khanate (9991140) at that time were gaining pre-eminence over the countryside. The Ottoman system was a multi-ethnic state that enabled people within it not to mix with each other and thereby retain separate ethnic and religious identities within the empire (albeit with a dominant Turkish and Southern European ruling class). [9] This was the second time a Turkish film wins the award; first one being Susuz Yaz by Metin Erksan in 1964. The earliest great poetry in New Persian was written for the Samanid court. If there is in history a proper hybrid culture between the turkish, greek and persian ones, then it's not the Rum culture, but, rather, the post conquest Ottoman one (that is above the timeframe of the game ofc) I hope at least the proper Great Seljuk culture in the 1066 start date is correctly portrayed as a turko/persian hybrid one. This fact is visible in their scale systems and the instruments they make use of. It was Persianate in that it was centered on a lettered tradition of Iranian origin and it was Turkic insofar as it was founded by and for . The Persian words tended to relate to court life, poetry, and fine arts. [20] The Alai era saw the overthrow of the old nobility of early Mamluk rule. A style that was very similar to Baroque was developed by the Seljuk Turks, according to a number of academics. Due to the close relations between the Ottoman Empire and France, Ottoman architecture began to be influenced by the Baroque and Rococo styles that were popular in Europe. [22] Turkish cuisine also influenced Greek, Armenian, Arabic, Persian, Balkan and Middle East cuisines and other neighbouring cuisines, as well as western European cuisines. Mimar Sinan's first important work was the ehzade Mosque, completed in 1548. Similar to Fascist architecture, the movement aimed to create modern but nationalistic architecture. My Turkish etymological dictionary gives again the following pronunciations (using Turkish phonetical spelling, which tends to be different from other transcriptions in Latin letters): the Akkadian as tinru, the Aramaic tanr, the Hebrew tennr, the Persian both tanr and tandr, the Arabic tanr, the Turkish tandr, the Hindustani tandri. [11] Other important films of Akn, such as Kurz und schmerzlos (1998), In July (2000), Solino (2002), and Crossing the Bridge: The Sound of Istanbul (2005) won numerous awards. International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. Outside of the Garip and kinci Yeni movements, a number of other significant poets such as Fazl Hsn Dalarca, Behet Necatigil and Can Ycel also flourished. In the north, where horticulture is tantamount, the carpets are woven to represent Persian gardens. However they were constrained by the lack of technological infrastructure or insufficient financial resources till the 1980s. In India, the Mughal Empire decayed into warring states. Masnavi is a series of six books of poetry that together are around 25,000 verses. won the Kora Cup in 1996, finished second in the Saporta Cup of 1993, and made it to the Final Four of Euroleague and Suproleague in 2000 and 2001. [] The major centers of Islam in the late medieval and early modern periods, the centers of both political and cultural power, such as India, Central Asia, Iran, Turkey, were all part of this Iranian civilization. They are stone carvings, brick work, stucco and tile panels. Although the Tulip period ended with the Patrona Halil uprising, it became a model for attitudes of Westernization. Instrumental in the spread of the Persian language as a common language along the Silk Road between China and Parthia in the second century BCE, that lasted well into the sixteenth century, were many Bukharian Jews who flocked to Bukhara in the Central Asia and as a merchant class played a great role in the operation of the Silk Road. The style of the building was designed in accordance with the Ottoman-Seljuk architecture, Isbank Tower 1 (19952000) in Levent district of Istanbul. [7] This was the fourth time that Ceylan received an award at Cannes, following the awards for the film Uzak (which was also nominated for the Golden Palm) at the festival of 2003 and 2004, and the film klimler (also nominated for the Golden Palm) at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival. The vast majority of Divan poetry was lyric in nature: either ghazals or qasidas. In a sense, Iranian Islam is a second advent of Islam itself, a new Islam sometimes referred to as Islam-i Ajam. [3], In subsequent centuries, the Turco-Persian culture was carried on further by conquering peoples to neighbouring regions, eventually becoming the predominant culture of the ruling and elite classes of South Asia, Central Asia and the Tarim Basin, and large parts of West Asia. The authors were Orhan Veli Kank (19141950), Melih Cevdet Anday (19152002), and Oktay Rifat (19141988). [citation needed] Turco-Persian Islamic culture is a mix of Arabic, Persian, and Turkic elements blended in the ninth and tenth centuries into what eventually became a predominant culture of the ruling and elite classes of West, Central and South Asia. Persian language became the major literary instrument for many poems and religious works. Iranian culture is one of the oldest in the whole world and has influenced cultures like Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Russia, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Asia! It was a refined language used for creating poetry and literature, but not one that everyday Turks could understand. It has an important position among the various decorative arts in Iranian architecture. 7, No. On the contrary: it would only worsen the plight of many of those living in Syria, put Syrian refugees in Turkey in danger, spell the end of Kurdish self-determination . Pair their luxurious aesthetic with the impressive history of the rug-making tradition, and these sumptuous textiles become even more tantalizing as they reflect an aspect of Middle Eastern culture that dates back millennia. The Book of Dede Korkut and the Epic of Krolu have been the main elements of the Turkish epic tradition in Anatolia for several centuries. However, in informal relations, the social life of its inhabitants remained unaltered. Popular customs and ideologies of virtue, sublimity, and permanence, ideas that were entailed in Islamic religious teaching, persisted relatively unchanged. Historic achievements of the Efes Pilsen Basketball Team, AFP: Turkey's Turkoglu named NBA's Most Improved Player, BBC Sport: Formula 1 circuit guide: Istanbul, Turkey, Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of European (Avrupa) records by male and female weightlifters, Turkish Weightlifting Federation: List of World (Dnya) and Olympic (Olimpiyat) records by male and female weightlifters, Ethnic Cuisine - Turkey by Terrie Wright Chrones, Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative, "Life and Culture in Turkey" (Study in Turkey), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Turkey&oldid=1134022568, This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 17:00. Persian weaving flourished in the second half of the 15th century during the Safavid Dynasty. Turkic ascendance to power in the Samanid court brought Turks as the main patrons of Persianate culture, and as they subjugated Western and Southern Asia, they brought along this culture. As Seljuks came to dominate Iraq, Syria, and Anatolia, they carried this Turco-Persian culture beyond, and made it the culture of their courts in the region to as far west as the Mediterranean Sea. Parvin Etesami was a Persian poet in 20th century in Iran. [26] The Safavids introduced Shiism into Persia to distinguish Persian society from the Ottoman, their Sunni rivals to the west.[5]. The festivity traces its roots where Santa Claus was born in Turkey and is known as Noel Baba. The name Attar means herbalist or druggist, which was his profession. It is a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages which is a group of the Indo- European languages. Attar was one of the most ancient and highly revered poets of Persia. The domed architectural style evolved from Bursa and Edirne. Turkish film director Fatih Akn, who lives in Germany and has dual Turkish-German citizenship, won the Golden Bear Award at the 2004 Berlin Film Festival with the film Head-On. The new rhetoric of public ideals captured interest of peoples throughout Islamic world, including the area where in public affairs Turco-Persian culture once was prominent. Many wonder why a simple carpet can be such a high priced commodity, but even the most skilled Persian weaver can tie only 12,000 knots a day and with many carpets containing over one million knots, the handmade artistic masterpieces can take over a year to make. the world ( cihan; 'lem) the rosegarden ( glistan; glen) Explicitly opposing themselves to everything that had gone in poetry before, they sought instead to create a popular art, "to explore the people's tastes, to determine them, and to make them reign supreme over art". These diverse peoples found refuge in the cities. As the three ethnic groups ruled once an empire at their time in. They were the core of a movement which became known as the "national literature.". 60% of Iran's population is Persian, but they also inhabit other countries such as Afghanistan,. [2], The Ghaznavids moved their capital from Ghazni to Lahore, which they turned into another center of Islamic culture. [19] Another major sport in which the Turks have been internationally successful is weightlifting; as Turkish weightlifters, both male and female, have broken numerous world records and won several European,[20] World and Olympic[21] championship titles. The traditional, introverted manner of the society began to change. New York: Cambridge University Press, Letter from Gyk Khan to Pope Innocent IV, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turco-Persian_tradition&oldid=1134155080, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 07:22. Another successful Turkish player in the NBA is Hidayet Trkolu, who was given the NBA's Most Improved Player Award for the 20072008 season, on April 28, 2008. Arabic belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family, Persian is an . "The work of Iranians can be seen in every field of cultural endeavor, including Arabic poetry, to which poets of Iranian origin composing their poems in Arabic made a very significant contribution. In a very different tradition, but evincing a similar strong political viewpoint, was the satirical short-story writer Aziz Nesin. The major language in Iran, former Persia, is Farsi. During the early years of the Republic of Turkey, established after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the government invested large sums of resources into fine arts such as architecture and sculpture, and other artistic fields around the country in-line with the newly implemented reformist and West-leaning policies. Another revolution in Turkish poetry came about in 1941 with the publication of a small volume of verse preceded by an essay and entitled Garip (meaning both "miserable" and "strange"). Counties will have lowered popular opinion with their direct Liege if they belong to a different culture and especially heritage. In 2000, Galatasaray cemented its role as a major European club by winning the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup. He is one of the three greatest ghazal-writers of Persian poetry. From time to time Istanbul and Antalya also host the Turkish leg of the F1 Powerboat Racing championship; while the Turkish leg of the Red Bull Air Race World Series, an air racing competition, takes place above the Golden Horn in Istanbul. [16] Basketball has received further attention and media coverage in 2010s with Fenerbahce Basketball and Anadolu Efes S.K. Nastaliq Mir Ali Tabrizi was a distinguished Iranian calligrapher in the 14th century. Ottomans fused various culinary traditions of their realm with influences from Middle Eastern cuisines, along with traditional Turkic elements from Central Asia such as yogurt. [12] The film La finestra di fronte (2003) was particularly successful, winning the Best Film and Scholars Jury awards at the 2003 David di Donatello Awards, the Crystal Globe and Best Director awards at the 2003 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, the 2003 Silver Ribbon for Best Original Story from the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists, the Festival Prize at the 2004 Foyle Film Festival, the Audience Award at the 2004 Rehoboth Beach Independent Film Festival, and the Canvas Audience Award at the 2004 Flanders International Film Festival.[12]. The short poems of the Rubaiyat illustrate the pleasures of life while illuminating the nuanced political and religious context in which they were created. Authors such as Ahmed Him and Yahy Keml Beyatl (18841958) continued to write important formal verse whose language was, to a great extent, a continuation of the late Ottoman tradition. Persians now had a choice, they could accept a new culture, including nationality, language (Arabic) and religion (Islam), or they could hold tight to the unique attributes making up their Persian identities. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the Turco-Persian empires weakened by the Europeans' discovery of a sea route to India, and introduction of hand guns, which gave the horsemen of the pastoral societies greater fighting capability. [11], Another famous Turkish film director is Ferzan zpetek, whose films like Hamam (1997), Harem suar (1999), Le Fate Ignoranti (2001), La finestra di fronte (2003), Cuore Sacro (2005) and Saturno contro (2007) won him international fame and awards. Persian language became the major literary instrument for many poems and religious works. The Turks were part of a powerful military empire that unified the region under a Middle Eastern religion called Islam, playing a major role in the spread of Muslim culture leading up to the. Berlinale: 54th Berlin International Film Festival. The decorative elements of the European Baroque and Rococo influenced even the religious Ottoman architecture. [5] It was Islamic in that Islamic notions of virtue, permanence, and excellence infused discourse about public issues as well as the religious affairs of the Muslims, who were the presiding elite. The most notable Persian artwork is seen in the masterful woven carpets. The Uyghur Khaganate that succeeded the Turkic Empire was even more closesly associated with Sogdian elements. Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque, eyh Zafir Group of Buildings, Haydarpaa School of Medicine, Duyun-u Umumiye Building, Istanbul Title Deed Office, large Post Office buildings such as the Merkez Postane (Central Post Office) in Istanbul's Sirkeci district, and the Harikzedegan Apartments in Laleli are the important structures of this period when an eclectic style was dominant. Regional centers of Turkish culture first emerged, ie Central Asia. ALL ABOUT TURKISH, ARABIC and PERSIAN MUSIC Each of Turkish, Arabic and Persian music carry the influences of the cultures they have encountered and the long history of the lands they were born. The name of specialities sometimes includes the name of a city or a region (either in Turkey or outside). interpreted as divine light, indicating the presence of God. In a first step their background has been analysed. However, it was about this time when the construction on the Ishak Pasha Palace (16851784) in Eastern Anatolia was going on. [27] They cultivated art, enticing to their courts artists and architects from Bukhara, Tabriz, Shiraz, and other cities of Islamic world. Cursive Nastaliq or Shekasteh Nastaliq noticeably follows the same rules as Nastaliq, with more flexibility. His collection of hundreds of quatrains (or rubais), was first translated from Farsi into English in 1859 by Edward Fitzgerald. Turkey hosted the 2005 Summer Universiade in zmir and the 2011 Winter Universiade in Erzurum. From here it emerged again in Italy, and later grew in popularity among the Turks during the Ottoman era. [] The center of the Islamic world was under Turkish and Persian states, both shaped by Iranian culture. Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namk Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel ntibh (Awakening), while the journalist brahim inasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "air Evlenmesi" (The Poet's Marriage). Ferdowsi enshrined in literary form the most treasured stories of popular folk-memory. There are, broadly speaking, two traditions of Turkish folk poetries; Much of the poetry and song of the ak/ozan tradition, being almost exclusively oral until the 19th century, remains anonymous. The main reason for this was Safavids' introduction of Shiism into Persia, done to distinguish themselves from their Sunni neighbors, especially Ottomans. A remarkable similarity in culture, particularly among the elite classes, spread across territories of Western, Central and South Asia. Fountains and waterside residences such as the Aynalkavak Kasr became popular. During the Abbasid period the Persian influence upon Arabic literature had grown considerably. Persian tile decorating reached its zenith in the 18th and 19th centuries. The composite Turko-Persian, Turco-Persian[2] or Turco-Iranian tradition (Persian: -) was a distinctive culture that arose in the 9th and 10th centuries in Khorasan and Transoxiana (present-day Afghanistan, Iran, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, minor parts of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan). As Shahrokh Meskoob quoted, Identity is a reactive matter and attention to self becomes more meaningful in relation to others.. A series of radical reforms soon followed, central to these reforms were the belief that Turkish society would have to Westernize itself both politically and culturally in order to modernize. The aks were essentially minstrels who traveled through Anatolia performing their songs on the balama, a mandolin-like instrument whose paired strings are considered to have a symbolic religious significance in Alevi/Bektashi culture. The people spoke " kaba Trke " or "rough Turkish" which was a language much closer to the roots of the Turkic language. Mahmud of Ghazni ruled over southeastern extremities of Samanid territories from the city of Ghazni. February 21, 2010. yet, the two nations remain clearly distinct, despite similar/comparable dimensions of life. Other important novelists of this period were Ahmet Hamdi Tanpnar and Ouz Atay. Even the second popular Persian calligraphy style i.e. Miniature developed into a marriage of artistic and poetic languages and obtained a deep and sincere accordance with poetry. Cultural affairs were marked by characteristic pattern of language use: New Persian was the language of state affairs and literature; New Persian and Arabic the languages of scholarship; Arabic the language of adjudication; and Turkic the language of the military.[16]. [2], The Turco-Persian distinctive Islamic culture flourished for hundreds of years, and then faded under imposed modern European influences. [citation needed], The Seljuq successors of Kara-Khanid Khanate in Transoxiana brought this culture westward into Persia, Iraq, and Syria. As the Turco-Persian Islamic culture was exported into the wider region of Western and Southern Asia, the transformation became increasingly evident. The great jurist and theologian al-Ghazali proposed a synthesis of Sufism and sharia that became a basis of a richer Islamic theology. [14] Turkey's top teams include Fenerbahe, Galatasaray and Beikta. History of tile (glazed brick), manufacture and decoration in Iran, goes back to the prehistoric period. The Shahnameh or The Book of Kings is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi which is the national epic of Great Persia. The Sogdian influence on the state was considerable. The eastern lands of the Caliphate were ethnically and religiously very diverse. He is one of the most celebrated of the Persian poets, and his influence can be felt to this day. As the broad cultural region remained politically divided, the sharp antagonisms between empires stimulated appearance of variations of Turco-Persian culture. It was managed by bureaucrats and ulama who used both Persian and Arabic, its literati participated in both the Arabic and Persian traditions of high culture of the wider Islamicate world. Iran is still renowned as a multi-ethnic nation despite the dominance of Persian culture, and the Ler, Armenian, Azeri, Kurdish, Arab, Balochi, Turkish, and other ethnic groups each have their own unique literary and historical customs that extend back to many centuries. The crowning literary achievement in the early New Persian language, the Book of Kings of Ferdowsi, presented to the court of Mahmud of Ghazni (9981030), was more than a literary achievement; it was a kind of Iranian nationalistic memoir, Ferdowsi galvanized Persian nationalistic sentiments by invoking pre-Islamic Persian heroic imagery. The Ottomans patronized Persian literature for five and a half centuries and, because Asia Minor was more stable than eastern territories, they attracted great numbers of writers and artists, especially in the sixteenth century. Thus, from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries the territories from south-eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Asia Minor to East Bengal were dominated by Turco-Persian dynasties. [30] The imposition of European influences on Asia greatly affected political and economic affairs throughout the region where Persianate culture had once been patronized by Turkic rulers. Two years later the Turkish national team finished third in the 2002 FIFA World Cup held in Japan and South Korea, while in 2008 the national team reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Euro 2008 competition. It is solely a religion. The colorful displays are usually designs taken from book covers, but geography can influence the tapestries as well. [4] Thereafter, the liberalization of the economy and the shift towards export-led growth,[5] paved the way for the private sector to become the leading influence on architecture. The Mughals dominated India from 1526 until the eighteenth century, when Muslim successor states and non-Muslim powers of Sikh, Maratha, and British replaced them. The Samanids had their own guard of Turkic Mamluk mercenaries (the ghilman), who were headed by a chamberlain, and a Persian and Arabic speaking bureaucracy, headed by a Persian vizier. Roger M. Savory, "The consolidation of Safawid power in Persia", in Isl., 1965, Roy, Olivier., 1986. Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians were numerous, and also several minority Islamic sects had considerable following. Persia and Central Asia became a heartland of Persianate language and culture. Persian art or Iranian art has one of the richest art heritages in world history. The closest related languages are Kurdish and Pashto. This was also the first time since the 19th century that Turkish literature was escaping from Western influence and began to mix Western forms with other forms. His second significant work was the Sleymaniye Mosque and the surrounding complex, built for Suleiman the Magnificent. Sinan started a new era in world architecture, creating 334 buildings in various cities. The rise of Turks in Samanid times brought a loss of Samanid southern territories to one of their Mamluks, who were governing on their behalf. [] By the time of the great Mongol invasions of the thirteenth century, Iranian Islam had become not only an important component; it had become a dominant element in Islam itself, and for several centuries the main centers of the Islamic power and civilization were in countries that were, if not Iranian, at least marked by Iranian civilization. Turkish vs Farsi Persian (Farsi) Persian, also commonly referred to as Farsi, is an Indo-European language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Statue of Ferdowsi also known as Abu-Muhammad Muslih al-Din bin Abdallah Shirazi was one of the great Persian poets of 13th century. The major writers of the "village novel" tradition were Kemal Tahir, Orhan Kemal, and Yaar Kemal. In the Kara-Khanid Khanate formed an ethnically and dogmatically diverse society. Nizami Ganjavi was a Persian poet in 12th century. The master architect of the classical period, Mimar Sinan, was born in 1492 in Kayseri and died in Istanbul in the year 1588. Also important to the religion is the concept of the nature of good (Senta Mainyu) and evil (Angra Mainyu). The Islamic resurgence has been less a renewal of faith and dedication than a public resurfacing of perspectives and ideals previously relegated to less public, informal relations under the impact of European secular influences. The pop up said something about adopting values of the persians. [6], Second, the governors in Khurasan, Tahirids, were factually independent; then the Saffarids from Sistan freed the eastern lands, but were replaced by independent Samanids, although they showed perfunctory deference to the Caliph. Examples of prevalent symbols that, to some extent, oppose one another include, among others: the nightingale ( blbl) the rose ( gl) The backbone of the Turkic elite was broken as their wealth in Delhi was confiscated by Nusrat Khan Jalesari,[21] after which a new heterogeneous Indo-Muslim nobility emerged in the Delhi Sultanate. The top 3 languages of the Middle East in terms of numbers of speakers are Arabic, Persian, and Turkish. The confusion between the two ethnicities seems to arise from their shared religion of Islam. ), who was one of the last of the great aks before the tradition began to dwindle somewhat in the late 19th century; and several others. Hafez also known as Khajeh Shams-ud-Din Muhammad Hafe-e Shirazi was a 13th century Persian poet. It has for a long time been a tradition that Noel Baba would bring gifts to children on New Year's Eve. Rumi (Molana, Molavi) also known as Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi was a 13th century Persian poet and was one of the most passionate and profound poets in history. By the latter part of the tenth century, Samanid rulers gave the command of their army to Turkic generals. The inner courtyard and the mosque were inseparable. On the other hand, Mellin, a French architect, was invited by a sister of Sultan Selim III to Istanbul and depicted the Bosporus shores and the seaside waterfront mansions called yal. The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne was built during the years 156874, when Sinan was in his prime as an architect. [citation needed], Peter B. Half of the three greatest ghazal-writers of Persian poetry Persian, and then faded imposed... 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