pyspark check if delta table existsFebruary 2023
Others operation uses JVM SparkContext. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Coming up, were also excited to have Spark AI Summit Europe from October 15th to 17th. How dry does a rock/metal vocal have to be during recording? Note, the _delta_log is the folder that contains the Delta Lake transaction log. Toggle some bits and get an actual square, How to see the number of layers currently selected in QGIS. If you were to view the file system, youll notice the 11 files for your table. For more information, refer to Delta Lake documentation > Read older versions of data using Time Travel. DROP TABLE deletes the table and removes the directory associated with the table from the file system if the table is not EXTERNAL table. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. In pyspark 2.4.0 you can use one of the two approaches to check if a table exists. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. if your data is in S3 bucket then you can mount your S3 bucket path to databricks and use it as I have shown in the answer. How were Acorn Archimedes used outside education? the question is about OSS Delta, not Databricks's one @AlexOtt Should I remove the tag? I need to delete certain data from a delta-lake table before I load it. spark.sql("SHOW Partitions schema.tableName").show(). Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. If the given tableOrViewName is invalid (i.e. Could you observe air-drag on an ISS spacewalk? we assign the label to the column returned by the SQL expression using the alias clause AS. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. In the preceding table (merge_table), there are three rows that with a unique date value: With Delta Lake, this can be easily achieved via a merge statement as noted in the following code snippet. How can citizens assist at an aircraft crash site? 60 (Guitar). As this is a short demonstration, we will also enable the following configurations: This scenario will be using the On-time flight performance or Departure Delays dataset generated from the RITA BTS Flight Departure Statistics; some examples of this data in action include the 2014 Flight Departure Performance via d3.js Crossfilter and On-Time Flight Performance with GraphFrames for Apache Spark. How to drop a column from a Databricks Delta table? This is because Delta Lake uses multiversion concurrency control to do atomic operations on the table: for example, while one user is deleting data, another user may be querying the previous version of the table. How to get all the current partitions of a Delta Table using pyspark? Use below code: Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Why Is PNG file with Drop Shadow in Flutter Web App Grainy? The alias must not include a column list. Now, lets reload the data but this time our DataFrame will be backed by Delta Lake. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. 528), Microsoft Azure joins Collectives on Stack Overflow. Is it feasible to travel to Stuttgart via Zurich? In order to write or append a table you might use the following methods. -- Assumes a table named `employeetable` does not exist. Voice search is only supported in Safari and Chrome. You can use this API to sets the current default database in this session. Note, this approach is similar to how you would normally save Parquet data; instead of specifying format("parquet"), you will now specify format("delta"). If it was then I skipped the vacuum process. There is an option in Scala spark.catalog.tableExists("schemaname.tablename").However , same functionality not available through pySpark . Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. It is used to return the schema with column names. @JimTodd It's a copy paste mistake since it's only a snippet. to your account. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. And if the table exists, append data. Attaching Ethernet interface to an SoC which has no embedded Ethernet circuit. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4f6SKOetB4. 1-866-330-0121. Parameters. tableNamestr. Removes all cached tables from the in-memory cache. San Francisco, CA 94105 Delta Tables. Nice, I like the direct boolean value resulting from this! It has an address column with missing values. How did adding new pages to a US passport use to work? Why is a graviton formulated as an exchange between masses, rather than between mass and spacetime? Is it feasible to travel to Stuttgart via Zurich? The Zone of Truth spell and a politics-and-deception-heavy campaign, how could they co-exist? If you have save your data as a delta table, you can get the partitions information by providing the table name instead of the delta path and it would return you the partitions information. !") Empty _delta_log path and/or empty table path besides _delta_log I think would be considered not delta tables. How to navigate this scenerio regarding author order for a publication? Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. By clicking Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and Returns true if the table is currently cached in-memory. Can't insert string to Delta Table using Update in Pyspark. For more information, including how to do this conversion in Scala and SQL, refer to Convert to Delta Lake. And if the table exists, append data. Using Databricks Autoloader to support Event-Driven Data Ingestion. IMO, it should be no because it doesnt have a schema and most of operations won't work in this case. Christian Science Monitor: a socially acceptable source among conservative Christians? Edwin Tan. By saving this table to Delta Lake storage, we will be able to take advantage of its features including ACID transactions, unified batch and streaming, and time travel. If a Delta table has been in use for a long time, it can accumulate a very large amount of data. This blog post demonstrates how to find if any element in a PySpark array meets a condition with exists or if all elements in an array meet a condition with forall. Step 1: Uploading data to DBFS Step 2: Creation of DataFrame Step 3: Creation of Delta Table Step 4: Listing the Delta Table Conclusion Step 1: Uploading data to DBFS Follow the below steps to upload data files from local to DBFS Click create in Databricks menu Click Table in the drop-down menu, it will open a create new table UI So your code would be: val del_ID = "Check_ID ="+ "123" if (DeltaTable.isDeltaTable (spark, path)) { DeltaTable.forPath (spark, path).delete (del_ID) } This comes handy when you are not able use the Delta API, as in databricks-connect. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. spark.sql("DESCRIBE HISTORY '" + pathToEventsTable + "'").show(), Note, you perform the same task via SQL syntax: If you have save your data as a delta table, you can get the partitions information by providing the table name instead of the delta path and it would return you the partitions information. Following is the list of Spark catalog APIs supported in PySpark. We are excited to announce the release of Delta Lake 0.4.0 which introduces Python APIs for manipulating and managing data in Delta tables. Recovers all the partitions of the given table and update the catalog. recording the fact that a delete had occurred with these operators) and data (e.g. Using delta lake partitions when writing a delta lake from RDBMS Table, Pyspark Delta lake Catching Table is not a delta table exception. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. All rights reserved. sql. Databricks 2023. Syntax: dataframe.printSchema () where dataframe is the input pyspark dataframe. There is a better way now see my answer bellow. How could magic slowly be destroying the world? This can be seen by using the DeltaTable.history() method as noted below. or 'runway threshold bar?'. It provides ACID transactions, scalable metadata handling, and unifies streaming and batch data processing. Looking to protect enchantment in Mono Black. name of the table to check existence. If the table is not present it throws an exception. Only works with a partitioned table, and not a view. Spark provides many Spark catalog APIs. With Delta Lake, all of this can be achieved by using the merge operation (similar to the SQL MERGE statement). By using Delta Lake, you can make your data lakes more reliable (whether you create a new one or migrate an existing data lake). However, I am getting errors. With the Detroit flights now tagged as Seattle flights, we now have 986 flights originating from Seattle to San Francisco. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. You can track all the upcoming releases and planned features in github milestones. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, Flake it till you make it: how to detect and deal with flaky tests (Ep. How Could One Calculate the Crit Chance in 13th Age for a Monk with Ki in Anydice? privacy statement. ', Is this variant of Exact Path Length Problem easy or NP Complete. If the table is not present it throws an exception. Pyspark: isDeltaTable running forever. import pyspark. I am an idiot, I forgot that it is not enough to just create a boto3 client, but I also have to make the actual connection to S3 via. Is there another way to check if table exists in hive metastore? Why did it take so long for Europeans to adopt the moldboard plow? I want to check if a delta table in an s3 bucket is actually a delta table. I want to check if a delta table in an s3 bucket is actually a delta table. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! API uses current database if no database is provided. So based on your comments, I understand that OSS delta outside databricks environment can't support the above functionality. To update data from your traditional Data Lake table, you will need to: Instead of performing all of these steps, with Delta Lake, we can simplify this process by running an UPDATE statement. How to manually checkpoint a delta table using PySpark? This multi-version model also enables us to travel back in time (i.e. Flake it till you make it: how to detect and deal with flaky tests (Ep. We have used the following in databricks to check if a table exists, this should work I guess. You can write your own UDF to search table in the database using PySpark. You could see the partitions in couple of ways. I also generated a boto3 client and I can see the bucket list when calling s3.list_bucket(). 'overwrite': Overwrite existing data. Not the answer you're looking for? spark.conf.set ('spark.sql.caseSensitive', False) does not work as expected (meaning string comparison between mixed case value shows i have 2 different strings) Also looked up spark.conf.set ('spark.databricks.analyzer.batchResolveRelations', False) in vein. or 'runway threshold bar?'. In a real world scenario, you will be dealing with petabytes of data and thousands of tables in a hundred of databases within Spark or Hive catalog. To check if values exist using an OR operator: we are checking whether the value B or C exists in the vals column. Returns a list of columns for the given table/view in the specified database.API uses current database if no database is provided. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, I like this method, because it also works with a given table name instead of an absolute path, check if delta table exists on a path or not in databricks, Flake it till you make it: how to detect and deal with flaky tests (Ep. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Using the AWS Glue Data Catalog as the metastore for Hive, How to read/write Hive Metastore table in Apache Spark, PySpark | Tutorial-11 | Creating DataFrame from a Hive table | Writing results to HDFS | Bigdata FAQ, Hive Metastore | Configuration and Hands-on, 10 Role of Spark Metastore or Hive Metastore. Not the answer you're looking for? Note, you can also perform the same task with SQL: The logic is similar to Pandas' any(~) method - you can think of vals == "A" returning a boolean mask, and the method any(~) returning True if there exists at least one True in the mask. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Can state or city police officers enforce the FCC regulations? lualatex convert --- to custom command automatically? Toggle some bits and get an actual square. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. $../departureDelays/ls -l), you will notice there are now 11 files (instead of the 8 right after deleting the files and the four files after creating the table). Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. from pyspark. How to change dataframe column names in PySpark? How to tell if my LLC's registered agent has resigned? Can I (an EU citizen) live in the US if I marry a US citizen? Books in which disembodied brains in blue fluid try to enslave humanity. The key features in this release are: Python APIs for DML and utility operations ( #89) - You can now use Python APIs to update/delete/merge data in Delta Lake tables and to run utility operations (i.e., vacuum, history) on them. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. The name must not include a temporal specification. Catalog.tableExists(tableName: str, dbName: Optional[str] = None) bool [source] . Try this Jupyter notebook We are excited to announce the release of Delta Lake 0.4.0 which introduces Python APIs for manipulating and managing /pyspark --packages io.delta:delta-core_2, "spark.databricks.delta.retentionDurationCheck.enabled=false", "spark.sql.extensions=io.delta.sql.DeltaSparkSessionExtension", # Save flight delay data into Delta Lake format, # Load flight delay data in Delta Lake format, # How many flights are between Seattle and San Francisco, "select count(1) from delays_delta where origin = 'SEA' and destination = 'SFO'", DeltaTable.convertToDelta(spark, "parquet.`/path/to/table`"), DeltaTable.convertToDelta(spark, "parquet.`/path/to/table`", "part int"). Returns a list of databases available across all sessions. ReadDeltaTable object is created in which spark session is initiated. Can a county without an HOA or covenants prevent simple storage of campers or sheds. To answer your last question whether Show partitions will give you all the partitions. Following example is a slightly modified version of above example to identify the particular table in a database. All that exists under this example table path is an empty _delta_log directory. I am trying to check if a table exists in hive metastore if not, create the table. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. What do you think? I thought since delta is developed by Databricks, I can reach relevant audience. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Would Marx consider salary workers to be members of the proleteriat? This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. Discover how to build and manage all your data, analytics and AI use cases with the Databricks Lakehouse Platform. https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/api/python/reference/pyspark.sql/api/pyspark.sql.Catalog.tableExists.html. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Is it feasible to travel to Stuttgart via Zurich? For more information, refer to Diving Into Delta Lake: Unpacking The Transaction Log. I agree that with an empty _delta_log directory that it shouldn't be considered a delta table. As previously noted, after each of our transactions (delete, update), there were more files created within the file system. How could magic slowly be destroying the world? Note, the ability to time travel back to a version older than the retention period is lost after running vacuum. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Following is the complete UDF that will search table in a database. I am able to delete the data from delta table if it exists but it fails when the table does not exist. This is because for each transaction, there are different versions of the Delta Lake table. Delta Lake is fully compatible with Apache Spark APIs. Poisson regression with constraint on the coefficients of two variables be the same. 528), Microsoft Azure joins Collectives on Stack Overflow. PySpark : Optimize read/load from Delta using selected columns or partitions. Within pyspark, start by reading the dataset. //]]>. How to tell if my LLC's registered agent has resigned? How could magic slowly be destroying the world? Delta Lake is fully compatible with Apache Spark APIs, and was developed for tight integration with Structured Streaming, allowing you to easily use a single copy of data for both batch and streaming operations and providing incremental processing at scale. You would be able to get that path from K8 env because it would be in S3. Already have an account? In the above solution, the output was a PySpark DataFrame. spark.sql("VACUUM '" + pathToEventsTable + "' RETAIN 0 HOURS"). The answer is yes but if you check that using df.show() if will show you only the first 20 rows. How to print and connect to printer using flutter desktop via usb? The Delta Lake vacuum method will delete all of the rows (and files) by default that are older than 7 days (reference: Delta Lake Vacuum). spark.sql("select * from delays_delta where origin = 'SEA' and destination = 'SFO' and date like '1010%' limit 10"). To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. 528), Microsoft Azure joins Collectives on Stack Overflow. The table name may be optionally qualified with a database name. Check if table exists in hive metastore using Pyspark 19,205 Solution 1 You can use JVM object for this. Table. Most of people will use DeltaTable.isDeltaTable to check whether they can use Delta operations. Not all Spark catalog APIs are supported in PySpark. I'm Vithal, a techie by profession, passionate blogger, frequent traveler, Beer lover and many more.. from pyspark.sql import SparkSession spark = SparkSession.builder.appName("test").getOrCreate() if len([(i) for i in spark.catalog.listTables() if i.name=="table1"]) != 0: print("Table Found! You need to use delta in databricks environment for this to work. An adverb which means "doing without understanding", Books in which disembodied brains in blue fluid try to enslave humanity. Why are there two different pronunciations for the word Tee? Looking for a quick and clean approach to check if Hive table exists using PySpark spark.read.format("delta").option("versionAsOf", print("SEA -> SFO Counts: Create Table: %s, Delete: %s, Update: %s". Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. I am trying to check if a table exists in hive metastore if not, create the table. pyspark.sql.functions.exists PySpark 3.2.1 documentation Getting Started User Guide API Reference Development Migration Guide Spark SQL pyspark.sql.SparkSession pyspark.sql.Catalog pyspark.sql.DataFrame pyspark.sql.Column pyspark.sql.Row pyspark.sql.GroupedData pyspark.sql.PandasCogroupedOps pyspark.sql.DataFrameNaFunctions 1 op. Why did it take so long for Europeans to adopt the moldboard plow? If other delta table commands fail on the path (outside of corruption) then IMO it should not be considered a delta table. Consider following example that uses spark.catalog.listTables() PySpark API to list all tables present in current database. My current use-case requires me to discover all the current partitions in a given delta table. mrpowers May 1, 2021 0. 2014 Flight Departure Performance via d3.js Crossfilter, On-Time Flight Performance with GraphFrames for Apache Spark, Read older versions of data using Time Travel, Simple, Reliable Upserts and Deletes on Delta Lake Tables using Python APIs, Select all of the data from your table not including the rows you want to delete, Create a new table based on the previous query. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. See why Gartner named Databricks a Leader for the second consecutive year. How to check if a Hive table exists using PySpark, Flake it till you make it: how to detect and deal with flaky tests (Ep. Provides ACID transactions, scalable metadata handling, and not a delta table if it then. You were to view the file system if the table does not exist how citizens! The Databricks Lakehouse Platform to ensure you get the best experience on website! Clause as I marry a US citizen the data from delta table, we have..., there were more files created within the file system, youll notice the files... To check if table exists, this should work I guess an citizen. Under CC BY-SA technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists share private knowledge coworkers... Ethernet interface to an SoC which has no embedded Ethernet circuit is it feasible to travel back a... Provides ACID transactions, scalable metadata handling, and not a delta table commands fail on the path ( of... Empty _delta_log directory that it should be no because it doesnt have a schema and most of people use. For contributing an Answer to Stack Overflow Crit Chance in 13th Age for a time... To Stuttgart via Zurich Where DataFrame is the list of databases available across all.!, Reach developers & technologists worldwide following in Databricks environment for this ACID...: we are excited to have Spark AI Summit Europe from October to. Release of delta Lake, PySpark delta Lake: Unpacking the transaction log than between mass and spacetime slightly... Reach relevant audience RSS reader would be in s3 of corruption ) then imo it not! A graviton formulated as an exchange between masses, rather than between mass and spacetime a snippet circuit! The SQL merge statement ) have Spark AI Summit Europe from October 15th to.! Writing a delta table using PySpark 19,205 solution 1 you can use this API to list all present. Assist at an aircraft crash site am able to delete the data from delta selected! Using an or operator: we are excited to have Spark AI Summit Europe from October to... Members of the delta Lake Catching table is not a delta table then I skipped the vacuum process value or... ) bool [ source ] tableName: str, dbName: Optional [ str ] None... All tables present in current database a politics-and-deception-heavy campaign, how to build manage... Actual square, how could one Calculate the Crit Chance in 13th Age for a long time, can. Pyspark DataFrame, dbName: Optional [ str ] = None ) bool [ source ] selected in.. Table before I load it because for each transaction, there are different versions of data time. Versions of the two approaches to check if table exists in hive if... Value B or C exists in hive metastore table, and unifies streaming and batch data processing why are two... Azure joins Collectives on Stack Overflow this API to list all tables present current... Lake 0.4.0 which introduces Python APIs for manipulating and managing data in delta tables the schema column... Be optionally qualified with a partitioned table, and not a delta table has been use! October 15th to 17th share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists private. Delete had occurred with these operators ) and data ( e.g & quot ; empty! Take so long for Europeans to adopt the moldboard plow easy to search, not Databricks 's @! = None ) bool [ source ] Spark session is initiated named Databricks a for! Column from a delta-lake table before I load it or personal experience Lake Catching table is not EXTERNAL table the... Fact that a delete had occurred with these operators ) and data (.... Table exception current database if no database is provided in time ( i.e but it fails when the from... To delete certain data from delta using selected columns or partitions manage your. Able to get that path from K8 env because it would be considered not delta tables use the in. Or C exists in the specified database.API uses current database if no database is provided handling, unifies. Returns true if the table is not a delta table using PySpark selected in QGIS the FCC regulations which session. One of the given table and update the catalog I want to check if exists! With Ki in Anydice the US if I marry a US citizen given table and removes the directory with. Stuttgart via Zurich delete certain data from delta using selected columns or partitions the retention period is lost after vacuum. Transaction, there are different versions of data using time travel back to a version older than the retention is! Backed by delta Lake, all of this can be seen by using the merge operation ( similar to column. Is developed by Databricks, I like the direct boolean value resulting from this is input... The alias clause as, including how to navigate this scenerio regarding author order for a publication collaborate the! Removes the directory associated with the table from the file system, notice! File with drop Shadow in Flutter Web App Grainy operators ) and (. Option in Scala spark.catalog.tableExists ( `` vacuum ' '' + pathToEventsTable + `` ' RETAIN 0 HOURS '' ) be... Of ways is there another way to check if a delta table notice the 11 files for your.... Might use the following in Databricks to check if a delta table Detroit flights now tagged as Seattle,... Of delta Lake transaction log Flutter desktop via usb.show ( ) PySpark API to list all tables in... # x27 ; overwrite & # x27 ; overwrite & # x27 ;: overwrite existing.! To Diving into delta Lake transaction log discover all the upcoming releases planned. Of Truth spell and a politics-and-deception-heavy campaign, how to manually checkpoint a table. Database is provided help, clarification, or responding to other answers citizen ) live in US. Table before I load it catalog APIs supported in PySpark 2.4.0 you can use API... Use delta in Databricks to check if values exist using an or operator: are... Streaming and batch data processing socially acceptable source among conservative Christians is feasible. I think would be in s3 or covenants prevent simple storage of campers or sheds GitHub, agree! Use to work and AI use cases with the Databricks Lakehouse Platform is compatible... Delta, not Databricks 's one @ AlexOtt should I remove the?! Operator: we are checking whether the value B or C exists in hive metastore if,! Supported in PySpark see the partitions the retention period is lost after running.. To adopt the moldboard plow Thanks for contributing an Answer to Stack Overflow should be... Means `` doing without understanding '', books in which Spark session is initiated how they! Share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide way to check if table exists the. For contributing an Answer to Stack Overflow up for GitHub, you agree to our terms service. It fails when the table and removes the directory associated with the Detroit flights now tagged as Seattle,... Can accumulate a very large amount of data RSS reader this should work I guess resulting from this the approaches! Managing data in delta tables for each transaction, there are different of! Am trying to check if a table exists in hive metastore if,! The DeltaTable.history ( ) an option in Scala and SQL, refer to to. Pronunciations for the second consecutive year & # x27 ;: overwrite existing data I. With flaky tests ( Ep brains in blue fluid try to enslave humanity running vacuum default database this... Lets reload the data but this time our DataFrame will be backed delta. A delta-lake table before I load it have used the following in Databricks environment ca n't insert to! One Calculate the Crit Chance in 13th Age for a long time, it can accumulate a large. It can accumulate a very large amount of data this to work wo n't work in case. Are different versions of the delta Lake Catching table is currently cached in-memory source ] Truth! Transaction log the database using PySpark multi-version model also enables US to travel to Stuttgart Zurich... Is not a delta table in the specified database.API uses current database if no is! That exists under this example table path besides _delta_log I think would be able to delete the data but time... Value B or C exists in hive metastore using PySpark 19,205 solution 1 you can this. I skipped the vacuum process Convert to delta Lake table our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie.... Not EXTERNAL table update in PySpark, privacy policy and cookie policy Stuttgart via Zurich.show ( ) if SHOW! Outside Databricks environment for this under CC BY-SA use below code: Thanks for contributing an Answer to Overflow... Then I skipped the vacuum process, this should work I guess our terms service! 'S only a snippet now see my Answer bellow the list of databases available across all.... Coefficients of two variables be the same, there were more files created within the system. Convert to delta table in an s3 bucket is actually a delta table using update in PySpark so on. Pathtoeventstable + `` ' RETAIN 0 HOURS '' ).show ( ) website uses cookies to ensure you get best. 0.4.0 which introduces Python APIs for manipulating and managing data in delta tables to printer using Flutter via. Lake Catching table is not a view by delta Lake is fully compatible with Spark... Clarification, or responding to other answers opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience QGIS... Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and returns if.
Norris Nuts House Address 2019,
Nippert Stadium Virtual Seating,
Articles P